Hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS) must meet measurement requirements set out by legislation. Standards such as SAE J2601 and OIML R139 are in place to ensure safety at HRS. The former establishes process limits for light duty vehicles (e.g., cars) to ensure that tanks do not overheat or overfill during fuelling, while the latter details maximum pe...
Passenger cars alone account for 25% of the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions. To reach climate neutrality in Europe by 2050 requires this amount to be reduced by 90%.
Hydrogen is a clean alternative to petrochemicals that produces only water when used to power fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). To ensure the amount charged to FCEV drivers at hydroge...
Europe aims to be climate neutral by 2050, achieving this will not only reduce the need for imported energy but also eliminate the use of fossil fuels that drive climate change. Hydrogen is a ‘clean’ energy gas, and its use has been named by the EU as a central pillar for this transition.
Regardless of hydrogen’s production method – the electrolys...
Europe aims to be carbon-neutral by 2050 and use of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) has been identified as an essential step during this energy transition. The amount of energy in LNG is proportional to the methane content, given by the ‘methane number’ (MN), with 100 MN being equivalent to 100 % methane. By measuring the LNG composition, one is able to d...
Natural gas is a cleaner alternative fuel to other petrochemicals and its use is considered to be an essential step in making Europe carbon neutral by 2050. When extracted it is cooled below -160 ºC (~113 K) to form liquid natural gas (LNG) which reduces its volume 600 times, allowing it to be more easily transported and stored.
The trade in LNG i...
Biogas production and its upgrade to biomethane have the potential to reduce Europe’s dependency on imported natural gas. In 2017, 65 000 GWh of biogas generated electricity and 18 000 biogas plants contributed to energy supply diversification. Biogases are produced by digesting a variety of industrial waste streams high in organic material, such a...
LNG is formed when natural gas is cooled to approximately -162 °C, and occupies around 1/600th of the volume of natural gas in its gaseous state. This makes LNG more economical to transport over large distances, and facilitates the supply of natural gas from new sources where no pipeline infrastructure exists. The environmental benefits of generati...
Gas pipeline networks are highly complex transmission and distribution systems used to move gas across states, countries or even continents. It is important that gas quality is maintained throughout the network and remains within the requirements set by international natural gas quality guidelines.
The presence of water in energy gases is a partic...
