Rapid advances and faster operating speeds in the electronics that are used in mobile communications, sophisticated medical instruments and advanced sensing applications, have outpaced developments in the technologies used to confirm their performance. Ensuring electronic components are reliable relies on robust measurements with rigorous links to the SI unit realisations performed at NMIs and DIs. These practical experiments must develop improved precision to keep up with technical advances.

Calibration methods and reference standards confirm the performance of instruments used in industry to greater accuracy than that required in their routine use. To ensure this remains the case in the electronics sector, greater accuracy for the entire calibration chain, from the end user to the physical SI unit experimental set-up at an NMI, is needed.

EMRP research has supported projects that address:

• Graphene innovation in resistance standards (SIB51)
• Impedance standards for next-generation electronics (SIB53)
• Innovation in quantum voltage standards (SIB59)
• Optical clocks for International timescales (SIB55)
• Precision for sub-nanometre measurements (SIB61)